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Achievement objective S8-4

In a range of meaningful contexts, students will be engaged in thinking mathematically and statistically. They will solve problems and model situations that require them to:

  • Investigate situations that involve elements of chance:
    • A. calculating probabilities of independent, combined, and conditional events
    • B. calculating and interpreting expected values and standard deviations of discrete random variables
    • C. applying distributions such as the Poisson, binomial, and normal.

Indicators

A. Calculating probabilities of independent, combined, and conditional events:

Students investigate probability situations involving real data using discrete and continuous numerical variables. They can be investigated by making assumptions about the situation and applying probability rules and/or by doing repeated trials of the situation and collecting frequencies. Students use random variables and their probability distributions.

B. Calculating and interpreting expected values and standard deviations of discrete random variables:

A statistical data set may contain discrete numerical variables. These have frequency distributions that can be converted to empirical probability distributions. Distributions from both sources have the same set of possible features (centre, spread, clusters, shape, tails, and so on) and we can calculate the same measures (mean, SD, and so on) for them.

C. Applying distributions such as the Poisson, binomial, and normal:

They learn that some situations that satisfy certain conditions can be modelled mathematically. The model may be Poisson, binomial, normal, uniform, triangular, or others, or be derived from the situation being investigated.

  • Recognises situations in which probability distributions such as Poisson, binomial, and normal are appropriate models, demonstrating understanding of the assumptions that underlie the distributions.
  • Selects and uses an appropriate distribution to model a situation in order to solve a problem involving probability.
  • Selects and uses an appropriate distribution to solve a problem, demonstrating understanding of the link between probabilities and areas under density functions for continuous outcomes (for example, normal, triangular, or uniform, but nothing requiring integration).
  • Selects and uses an appropriate distribution to solve a problem, demonstrating understanding of the way a probability distribution changes as the parameter values change.
  • Selects and uses an appropriate distribution to solve a problem involving finding and using estimates of parameters.
  • Selects and uses an appropriate distribution to solve a problem, demonstrating understanding of the relationship between true probability (unknown and unique to the situation), model estimates (combining theoretical probability and assumptions about the situation) and experimental estimates.
  • Uses a distribution to estimate and calculate probabilities, including by simulation.

Progression

S8-4 links from S7-4.

Possible context elaborations

Assessment for qualifications

NCEA achievement standards at levels 1, 2 and 3 have been aligned to the New Zealand Curriculum. Please ensure that you are using the correct version of the standards by going to the NZQA website.

The NZQA subject-specific resources pages are very helpful. From there, you can find all the achievement standards and links to assessment resources, both internal and external.

The following achievement standard(s) could assess learning outcomes from this AO:

Last updated September 17, 2018



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